雲端電視機-電冰箱-冷氣機網路家電資訊分享的部落格

策劃、編譯■劉耘、實習編譯王予彤

中美兩大溫室氣體排放國終於在對抗氣候暖化議題上達成共識；

不過10日達成的協議既不具約束力、也未見具體規範，

中美是否真能在2015年前合作扭轉局勢？

這段時間又該觀察哪些發展？

據美國國務院表示，美國及中國這2個世界最大溫室氣體排放國，在10日達成5項協議，將從碳排量最大的幾個來源著手減碳，包括重型車輛、製造業和燃煤電廠。

沒具體目標 不具約束力

中美雙方官員4月成立的中美氣候變遷工作小組，將在10月前和企業及非政府組織發展減碳計畫，提出對抗氣候變遷及降低污染的措施。

協議中也強調雙方要增進能源使用效益、收集及管理溫室氣體相關資訊，並提倡輸電網路從再生能源取得更多電力。

在美國國務院舉辦的中美戰略和經濟對話會議中，氣候變遷工作小組同意了這些措施。此會議為期2天，在12日落幕。

這場會議中，由美國務卿凱瑞和財政部長路傑克接待中國代表，中國則由國務委員楊潔篪和國務院副總理汪洋代表出席，會議議題涵蓋經濟和更廣泛的地理政治議題。

▲德國艾森市的抗議民眾穿著二氧化碳造型的服裝示威遊行，抗議與日俱增的二氧化碳汙染，圖攝於2007年6月1日。（圖文／路透）

這項氣候協議將著重在改善科技這部分；協議不具約束力，也不會擬定出確實的減碳量。不過樂觀的部分在於，任何企業都能就減少溫室氣體此議題，協助促成更廣泛的國際對話，在2015年前幫助完成一份全球協議書，用以替代《京都議定書》。

「一方面，這絕不會突然改變談判內容，我的意思絕非如此，但這能引發一些正面影響，我認為這將有所幫助。」美國高階氣候談判特使史登在電話會議中告訴記者。

中國和美國的溫室氣體排放量共占全球總排放量的43％。

加強碳捕捉技術

10日協議的另一項重點，則是加強兩國對燃煤發電廠的碳捕捉技術，並將捕捉到的二氧化碳封存在地底下。

史登說，他們的目標是要讓這項技術從研究發展階段，逐步轉變為大規模的示範計畫。「這絕不是說我們要金援中國的大型碳捕捉和儲存工廠；而是就其本質，試著刺激此技術在兩地的發展。」

找尋氫氟碳化物的代替品

10日這項進展建立在6月習歐會面的協議基礎上，美國總統歐巴馬及中國國家主席習近平同意合作，逐步減少生產和使用各種用於冰箱和冷氣機的氣體。

▲聯合國於2009年11月在西班牙巴塞隆納舉行氣候變遷談判時，綠色和平組織的行動者在哥倫布雕像上懸掛寫著「氣候大亂，該怪誰?」的布條。（圖／路透）

其中，被稱作氫氟碳化物的氣體在商業上的應用漸廣，在1987年《蒙特婁議定書》使氟氯碳化物逐漸消失後，取代了這個會破壞臭氧層的化學氣體。氫氟碳化物約占全球溫室氣體排放量的2％，但使用量卻以每年9％的年增量增加。

史登表示，中國和美國正試著開發氫氟碳化物的替代物，但目前的替代方案都還未能實施。

（路透）

The United States and China, the world's top emitters of greenhouse gases, agreed to five initiatives（1） on Wednesday to cut carbon output from the largest sources, including heavy duty vehicles, manufacturing and coal-fired plants, the State Department said.

The U.S.-China climate change working group, which officials from both countries formed in April, will work with companies and non-governmental groups to develop plans by October to carry out the measures aimed at fighting climate change and cutting pollution.

The initiatives are also aimed at improving energy efficiency, collection and management of greenhouse gas data, and promoting electric grids to carry more power from renewable energy.

The group agreed to the measures at the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue held at the State Department. The two-day meeting ends on Thursday.

Secretary of State John Kerry and Treasury Secretary Jack Lew hosted a Chinese delegation, led by State Councilor Yang Jiechi and Vice Premier Wang Yang, at the talks that cover both economics and wider geopolitical（2） issues.

The climate agreements will concentrate on improving technologies, and will not be binding and will not seek to cut emissions（3） by specific volumes. Still, the hope is any cooperation could help lend support to wider international talks on greenhouse gas reductions and help finalize a global treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol on climate change by 2015.

"On the one hand it's not suddenly going to transform the negotiations, I'm absolutely not saying that, but ... it will project something positive that I think will be helpful," U.S. climate envoy Todd Stern told reporters in a teleconference.

China and the United States are responsible for about 43 percent of global greenhouse gas output.

Increasing the ability of the two countries to capture carbon emissions from coal-fired plants and to bury them underground was also the focus of one of Wednesday's agreements.

The goal is to move from the research and development phase to large scale demonstration projects, Stern said. "It's certainly not the case that we are going to be financing large-scale CCS (carbon capture and storage) plants in China, per se, but rather to try to spur the development of them there and also here."

Wednesday's move builds on an agreement last month by U.S. President Barack Obama and his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping to cooperate in phasing out production and consumption of gases used in refrigerants and air conditioners.

The so-called hydrofluorocarbons（4）, or HFCs, came into wide commercial use to replace ozone（5）-depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the 1987 Montreal Protocol. They make up roughly 2 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, but use of the chemicals is rising at a rate of up to 9 percent a year.

Stern said China and the United States are trying to develop alternatives to HFCs, not all of which are fully available.

關鍵字詞

1.initiative（n.）協議

2.geopolitica（a.）地理政治學的

3.emission（n.）排放

4.hydrofluorocarbons（n.）氫氟碳化物

5.ozone（n.）臭氧